<div dir="ltr">Hi John<div><br></div><div>Thanks for your comments. We want the document to align with the unified model</div><div><br></div><div> I think we understand the importance of not being proscriptive. That was not our intent .</div><div><br></div><div>Your comment "I think the most common lowest-level Events would actually be Occurrences, at least in the Unified Model, where Occurrences are one type of Event. " was helpful for me. Let's see if others respond.</div><div><br></div><div>Having a zoom discussion may turn out to be the best way to make sure we all get to a common understanding..</div><div><br></div><div>Based on your previous email, you will be teaching at our scheduled meeting time this week but free the following week. Is that correct? </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Thanks again for your help and insights</div><div><br></div><div>Rob</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div> </div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Jul 16, 2023 at 1:34 PM John Wieczorek <<a href="mailto:tuco@berkeley.edu">tuco@berkeley.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>I'm sharing some comments inline. These are accompanied by comments and suggestions in the Event Hierarchy document.</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Jul 13, 2023 at 6:29 AM Rob Stevenson <<a href="mailto:rdstevenson10@gmail.com" target="_blank">rdstevenson10@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear Humboldt Core TG<div><br></div><div>Below are notes from Wednesday. John, your asynchronous input would be especially helpful because we know you will not be able to attend the next meeting. If I have misinterpreted something or someone, please jump in and make a correction.<div><br></div><div>Thanks</div><div>Rob</div></div><div><br></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On Wednesday (2023/07/12), Steve, Peter, Zach, Wesley and I
met and had fruitful discussions about points 6 and 7 in section 3.3 of the <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit" style="color:rgb(5,99,193)" target="_blank">Properties
of hierarchical Events in Humboldt Extension for ecological inventories</a>. These are points John wrote to give guidance
for applying the Humboldt Extension.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discussion was around whether the phrasing was too
prescriptive. Wesley asked “Could we
come up with counter examples?”. Wesley will write a few sentences to encapsulate
the issue. Peter felt the wording may not be necessary.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Peter showed us several inventories from BioCollect and described
how they fit into the Humboldt extension model. The BioCollect model uses a survey
template that can be applied repeated to a collection event and allows many kinds
of observations and measurements to be made. The series of collection events
together make a dataset. In Humboldt terms
this dataset is a parent Event. To facilitate reuse each survey template is made
up of a variety of observation and measurement protocols that can be bundled
together as needed to make different survey templates.</p></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Just to clarify, this doesn't present any problems to what we have defined in the Event Hierarchies document, correct?</div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zach described how the <a style="color:rgb(5,99,193);text-decoration-line:underline">Field
Museum’s Rapid Inventories</a> in which teams of biologists document biodiversity
of different taxa ( plants, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals) using a variety of methods <a href="https://www.rapidinventories.fieldmuseum.org/what-is-a-rapid-inventory" style="color:rgb(5,99,193)" target="_blank">at
one site and within one timeframe</a> are being represented as one Event at the
highest level.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"></p></div></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Again, just to clarify, this doesn't present any problems to what we have defined in the Event Hierarchies document, correct?</div><div> <span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:12pt"> </span></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tim added a comment to the document asking that we consider rewriting
the definition of </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He said “<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto;color:rgb(68,71,70);letter-spacing:0.15pt;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">I think this
definition might be improved. An inventory is a complete list of something, but
the definition doesn't capture this, only referring to the activities used in
the methodology. Perhaps something like:</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto;color:rgb(68,71,70);letter-spacing:0.15pt"><br>
<br>
<span style="background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">"An inventory dataset accounts for all targeted
organisms and measurements recorded while following a structured sampling
protocol. Observations and measurements are captured in one or more dwc:Events
that MAY..."</span></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"></p></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I commented in the text that it doesn't seem to me that completeness is a requirement, but that the rest seems reasonable.</div><div> <span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:12pt"> </span></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This request is in line with our discussion on Wednesday.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Our discussion suggested it would be helpful to put in some
kind of clarifying statement about what the lowest level Event might contain.</p></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>This is a good idea to be clarified with examples, as long as it is not proscriptive. I think the most common lowest-level Events would actually be Occurrences, at least in the Unified Model, where Occurrences are one type of Event. </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
My current understanding is that this lowest level might contain just a one
zero to represent the event that occurred but that no occurrence was found or NA
that a measurement was attempted but the measurement failed for some reason. On
the complexity end of the spectrum of what an event could contain, Peter gave
an example (see text at the bottom of the document) of an event pointing to an array
of observations and measurements based on a survey template for Vegetation
condition assessment. In a flattened (2D)
database this would take 40 records (rows) to represent what was part of the
event. Peter gave a second example about birds in which he added a screen shot
from the BioCollect application. Here again multiple records are needed to
contain the information in a flatten form.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This brings up the point of discussion in the meeting. Peter
said that each event and each occurrence will have their own ids. This would mean if one flattered an event and
selectively removed species occurrence records containing the occurrence ID that
they could be traced back to the event in which the collection took place. </p></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>Is that supposed to be "they could not be traced"? I;m sorry I could not make it to the meeting. I am having a hard time understanding the issue. </div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The group hopes that others who could not attend have
insights into the issues and the descriptions. We felt John's comments would be
very important because of his knowledge about the new GBIF model.</p></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I hope the comments I made cover this, but I suspect it might require more interactive discussion to unravel completely.</div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Jul 11, 2023 at 4:06 PM Rob Stevenson <<a href="mailto:rdstevenson10@gmail.com" target="_blank">rdstevenson10@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">Dear All,<div>I wrote up some ideas. It proved more difficult than I thought and I am not sure I captured the issue at the core of the discussion -</div><div>How to deal with the lowest level of the event hierarchy</div><div><br></div><div>Below is the text but it is also at the bottom of our document here</div><div><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit" target="_blank">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit</a><br></div><div><br></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Currently the vast majority of records in the GBIF archive contain
an observation of one or more individuals of a single taxon. Many additional fields
in the record, based on the Darwin Core, provide context for the observation including
the observation type, the time and place of observation, the observer, etc. At the present time, however, the metadata do not
provide context about whether or not an observation is part of a systematic set
of observations, herein called a survey. A survey is an approach based on the
idea of statistical sampling, whereby an observer is unable to measure an entire
population but instead focuses on a subset of the population to make inferences
about the entire population.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The added scientific value of the survey framework, over
just a collection of unrelate observations indicating present only, is that a
scientist can make inferences about how common or rare a taxon might be (its status)
and over time, measure trends. The basic idea of a survey is intuitive: the
more you look, the more you will find. In the fisheries literature this idea is
called “catch per unit effort”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The goal of the Humboldt extension is to accurately describe
a survey and its often hierarchical nature. Whereas an observation record is
characterized by general sense of the observation approach (Basis of Record), a
time and a location, a survey has a much more detailed description of the observation
technique(s), and also includes the number of sampling units employed, a time
or time interval (start time and duration), and a measure of the spatial extent
over which the survey was conducted. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A sampling unit, the finest measurement resolution of a
survey, encompasses a variety of ways of looking for species. It might include: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A physical sample such as a leaf or a water sample containing
molecules of DNA</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One or several sweeps of a net containing a collection of
insects</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Camera trap – collection of images of mammals</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Quadrat – estimating
the percentage of space or numbers of space occupying organisms such as plants
or clams</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bird checklist – list of species of birds observed from a
fixed-point </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Special considerations arise at the sampling unit level.
First a measurement can detect no individuals or space occupied. In these cases
the data need to reflect this fact with recording 0 for the observation. Second a measurement
might be more than just a number or percentage.
It might a be compound structure that includes the flowering stage of
each plant in a quadrat or the length and body mass of each insect in the sweep
net sample or the location of each bird along a transect. </p></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Jul 5, 2023 at 8:08 AM Dmitry Schigel <<a href="mailto:dschigel@gbif.org" target="_blank">dschigel@gbif.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>
<div lang="EN-US">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stuck in a GBIF meeting, not joining today<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">DS<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> tdwg-humboldt <<a href="mailto:tdwg-humboldt-bounces@lists.tdwg.org" target="_blank">tdwg-humboldt-bounces@lists.tdwg.org</a>>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>John Wieczorek<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, 4 July, 2023 21:30<br>
<b>To:</b> Humboldt Core TG <<a href="mailto:tdwg-humboldt@lists.tdwg.org" target="_blank">tdwg-humboldt@lists.tdwg.org</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:wmh6@cornell.edu" target="_blank">wmh6@cornell.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [tdwg-humboldt] meeting this week<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hi folks,<u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am giving the second module of a course on georeferencing tomorrow throughout the time of the Task Group call. I haven't mastered the two places at once thing, unfortunately.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">John<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Tue, Jul 4, 2023 at 4:27 PM ys628 <<a href="mailto:yanina.sica@yale.edu" target="_blank">yanina.sica@yale.edu</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,204,204);padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Hi all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Lets discuss the<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit" title="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit" target="_blank">
Hierarchical Document </a>this week!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">With the TDWG 2023 rush, people might not have had time to review or work on it. If that is the case, we can have a rather short meeting to agree on the next steps.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">See you!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black">Yani<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div style="margin-top:12pt;margin-bottom:12pt;min-width:424px" id="m_-6517520122205933255m_1411198077861315653m_-2236362953219632395m_-5711228756550278214m_-528839154823401191LPBorder_GTaHR0cHM6Ly9kb2NzLmdvb2dsZS5jb20vZG9jdW1lbnQvZC8xcl9YTUVnQjdwN09JN2E1T3VxNkc5b2E3TG1RRlBjRmhaWkNMRDlnV09JRS9lZGl0">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="240" height="126" style="width: 2.5in; height: 1.3166in;" id="m_-6517520122205933255m_1411198077861315653m_-2236362953219632395m_-5711228756550278214_x0000_i1025" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/docs/ADP-6oHMdd4mw25hw7lvSXn4ZCiwspb9cc28UTsyFyihNFS6S59uu9rmVwTYgSg5aGvPEZyQo0fqEladdZ4o63Oh0mCa2zF5ZABb59fPXQzqpB8n=w1200-h630-p"></span></a><u></u><u></u></p>
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<div style="margin-right:6pt;margin-bottom:9pt" id="m_-6517520122205933255m_1411198077861315653m_-2236362953219632395m_-5711228756550278214m_-528839154823401191LPTitle517284">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:"Segoe UI Light",sans-serif"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r_XMEgB7p7OI7a5Ouq6G9oa7LmQFPcFhZZCLD9gWOIE/edit" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration:none">Hierarchical Events
in Humboldt Extension for ecological inventories</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div style="margin-right:6pt;margin-bottom:9pt;max-height:100px;overflow:hidden" id="m_-6517520122205933255m_1411198077861315653m_-2236362953219632395m_-5711228756550278214m_-528839154823401191LPDescription517284">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(102,102,102)">Properties of hierarchical Events in Humboldt Extension for ecological inventories Title: Properties of hierarchical Events in Humboldt Extension for ecological
inventories Date version issued: 2023-xx-xx Date created: 2023-xx-xx Part of TDWG Standard:
<a href="http://www.tdwg.org/standards/450" target="_blank">http://www.tdwg.org/standards/450</a> This ...<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(166,166,166)"><a href="http://docs.google.com" target="_blank">docs.google.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(68,68,68);background:white">Yanina V. Sica, PhD</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:rgb(32,31,30)"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(68,68,68)">Lead Data Team</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(68,68,68)"><a href="https://mol.org/" title="https://mol.org/" target="_blank">Map of Life</a> | <a href="https://bgc.yale.edu/" title="https://bgc.yale.edu/" target="_blank">Center
for Biodiversity and Global Change</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(68,68,68)">Yale University</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(34,34,34)"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(68,68,68);background:white">pronouns: she/her/hers</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt;color:rgb(32,31,30)"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(68,68,68);background:white">If you are receiving this email outside of your working hours, I am not expecting you to read or respond.</span></i><span style="font-size:12pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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</div></blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Robert D Stevenson<br>Associate Professor<div>Department of Biology<br>UMass Boston</div></div></div>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Robert D Stevenson<br>Associate Professor<div>Department of Biology<br>UMass Boston</div></div></div>
</blockquote></div></div>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Robert D Stevenson<br>Associate Professor<div>Department of Biology<br>UMass Boston</div></div></div>