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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dear Hilmar,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I completely concur with Rod. An additional remark is that Biodiversity Informatics has unfortunately twisted the meaning of the word ‘synonym’ as it is used
in the different codes where it designates primarily a relationship between taxa and only secondarily by extension a relationship between names (because we designate taxa by using names). Formally, two different combinations of the same basionym are not synonyms:
they are different combinations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">The flat DarwinCore cannot handle (easily) the 3 necessary Ids that have to be managed:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">TaxonId<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">BasionymId<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">-<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">NameAsStringId<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Technically, the NameAsStringId could be used alone, but only if there is a second field that precises if it is a Basionym or not, and a third that indicates
if it is the current accepted name: in the latter case, then the NameAsStringId can be used as the TaxonId. So in any case, a triplet has to be managed, otherwise, if you give an id alone, you cannot know what it is beyond a simple NameAsString.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">But to be honest I prefer for clarity to have 3 different codes. It is what we have in FishBase, a SpecCode as TaxonId, a SynCode as NameAsStringId, and we
use the Catalog of Fishes (CofF) CAS_SPC as the BasionymId – so we do exactly what Rod suggests, we use the acknowledged nomenclator. Strictly speaking and referring to my remark above, CofF has ids for all basionyms, whatever they are linked to valid taxa
or synonym taxa. What CofF does not have is an id for the new combinations and misspellings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Where FishBase is not completely consistent is that we use a SynCode also for the misidentifications and the misapplied names, while these relationships should
be managed in another table than the table of NameAsStrings. Also like Markus described, the current accepted NameAsString is repeated both in our Taxon and our NameAsString tables. These were compromises to simplify the structure of the database.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">BW<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Nicolas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> tdwg-content-bounces@lists.tdwg.org [mailto:tdwg-content-bounces@lists.tdwg.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Roderic Page<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, March 19, 2014 1:38 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Hilmar Lapp<br>
<b>Cc:</b> TDWG Content Mailing List<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [tdwg-content] synonyms in DwC Archives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Hilmar,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I think the phrase “simply names” summarises part ot the problem here. Many taxon databases seem determined to conflate names and taxa, and treat names as dumb strings rather than entities of interest (or worse, as taxa, rather than names
of taxa). Many synonyms are relationships between names (e.g., names that change because we move species to different genera are the “same” name), others are relationships between taxa (e.g., this set of things and that set of things are the members of the
same set of things).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">We could model things much more cleanly if we distinguished between taxa and names for taxa, and made use of the fact that we have databases of names (the nomenclators) that have been serving name data and stable identifiers for almost
a decade. It is a pity that most taxonomic databases make little or no use of this. Map names to those ids, have ids for taxa, and link all the names to the taxa to which they’ve been applied. Instead we have a flat Darwin Core with row upon row of things
that we call “taxa” but which, in many cases, aren’t. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I get why we like flat Darwin Core, but sometimes the world isn’t flat.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Regards<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Rod<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On 19 Mar 2014, at 02:44, Hilmar Lapp <<a href="mailto:hlapp@nescent.org">hlapp@nescent.org</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Tony - your example matches pretty much what GBIF does.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">John - yes indeed, if using ResourceRelationship terms, it would have to be in an extension and not the core taxon file.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Markus and all - yes, I realized after I emailed how GBIF does this. I agree that this has advantages. However, this way of doing synonyms requires that there is an identifier for the synonym. For the core use-case I'm interested in synonyms
are metadata of taxon records and do not have their own identifier. For example, synonyms in NCBI don't have identifiers, and they don't in Catalog of Fishes. (I'm not sure they do in PaleoDB.)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">One could of course invent identifiers on behalf of the taxonomy providers in these cases, but that's a hack. I think if there is an extension for vernacularNames, there ought to be one as well for synonyms that are simply names.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> -hilmar<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Tue, Mar 18, 2014 at 6:35 PM, Markus Döring <<a href="mailto:m.doering@mac.com" target="_blank">m.doering@mac.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Hilmar,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">GBIF, Catalog of life and others have produced guidelines for how to express taxonomies with synonyms and these are in widespread use already since over a year. I will forward links tomorrow when Im back at my desk.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">The common idea is to include synonyms together with accepted taxa in the core file. This allows one to also add extension data to synonyms, for example bibliographic references, types data, etc. The term acceptedNameUsageID is used to
link to the accepted record in the core file (targeting taxonID), originalNameUsageiD for the basionym and taxonomicStatus to declare a specific type of synonym such as homo/heterotypic or later/junior synonym. The scientificName is used both for accepted
and synonym records.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">You should be able to find many dwca examples in the gbif dataset search when filtered for checklists: <a href="http://www.gbif.org/dataset/search?type=CHECKLIST" target="_blank">http://www.gbif.org/dataset/search?type=CHECKLIST</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">For example try these:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://data.canadensys.net/ipt/archive.do?r=vascan" target="_blank">http://data.canadensys.net/ipt/archive.do?r=vascan</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://ipt.speciesfile.org:8080/archive.do?r=orthoptera" target="_blank">http://ipt.speciesfile.org:8080/archive.do?r=orthoptera</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Markus<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
Am 18.03.2014 um 22:44 schrieb Chuck Miller <<a href="mailto:Chuck.Miller@mobot.org" target="_blank">Chuck.Miller@mobot.org</a>>:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Hilmar,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Sticking strictly to Darwin Core and not adding RDF, I think there are a couple of DwC terms that
are attributes that can be used to identify a synonym:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">taxonomicStatus -
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">The status of the use of the scientificName as a label for a taxon. Requires taxonomic opinion to define the scope of a taxon. Rules of priority then are used to define the taxonomic status
of the nomenclature contained in that scope, combined with the experts opinion. It must be linked to a specific taxonomic reference that defines the concept. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Examples: "invalid", "misapplied", "homotypic
synonym", "accepted".</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">relationshipofResource - The relationship of the resource identified by relatedResourceID to the subject (optionally
identified by the resourceID). Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary. Examples: "duplicate of", "mother of", "endoparasite of", "host to", "sibling of", "valid synonym of", "located within".</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">There’s also acceptedNameUsage and acceptedNameUsageID, which if used infer that the name the terms
are associated with is a synonym of the AcceptedName.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">But, so far there is no guideline for how to organize synonyms in a Darwin Core Archive. They can
be embedded in the core file using relationshiopofResource from a synonym name to an accepted name in the same file. Or they can be in an extension file, where the extension file may be called Synonyms and thus define a one-to-many “synonym relationship”
from the taxonID in the core file to synonym names in the extension file. There are probably other ways. RDF adds the ability to be more explicit about the relationships.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Rich Pyle has lectured prolifically on this so I’m sure he has good advice to offer.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Chuck</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
<a href="mailto:tdwg-content-bounces@lists.tdwg.org" target="_blank">tdwg-content-bounces@lists.tdwg.org</a> [<a href="mailto:tdwg-content-bounces@lists.tdwg.org" target="_blank">mailto:tdwg-content-bounces@lists.tdwg.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Hilmar Lapp<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, March 18, 2014 2:55 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> TDWG Content Mailing List<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Dan Leehr<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [tdwg-content] synonyms in DwC Archives</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I'm looking for recommendations on how best to put synonyms for taxon records into DwC Archive format.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I'm assuming that these would go into an extension file. Do I have this right? What I'm having more trouble with is determining the right column term. there's dwc:vernacularName,
which is also in the examples, but what about synonyms of different types that come with taxonomies (such as NCBI's) or that result from merging taxonomies. There isn't an obvious candidate in DwC, and the list at <a href="http://rs.gbif.org/core/dwc_taxon.xml" target="_blank">http://rs.gbif.org/core/dwc_taxon.xml</a>
doesn't have a suggestion either that would seem pertinent.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Any suggestions, pointers to documentation or examples?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> -hilmar<br clear="all">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hilmar Lapp -:-
<a href="http://informatics.nescent.org/wiki" target="_blank">informatics.nescent.org/wiki</a> -:-
<a href="http://lappland.io/" target="_blank">lappland.io</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hilmar Lapp -:- <a href="http://informatics.nescent.org/wiki" target="_blank">
informatics.nescent.org/wiki</a> -:- <a href="http://lappland.io/" target="_blank">
lappland.io</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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<a href="http://lists.tdwg.org/mailman/listinfo/tdwg-content">http://lists.tdwg.org/mailman/listinfo/tdwg-content</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black">---------------------------------------------------------<br>
Roderic Page<br>
Professor of Taxonomy<br>
Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine<br>
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences<br>
Graham Kerr Building<br>
University of Glasgow<br>
Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK<br>
<br>
Email: <span class="apple-tab-span"> </span><a href="mailto:r.page@bio.gla.ac.uk">r.page@bio.gla.ac.uk</a><br>
Tel:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-tab-span">
</span>+44 141 330 4778<br>
Fax:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-tab-span">
</span>+44 141 330 2792<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black">Skype:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-tab-span">
</span>rdmpage<br>
Facebook: <span class="apple-tab-span"> </span><a href="http://www.facebook.com/rdmpage">http://www.facebook.com/rdmpage</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black">LinkedIn: <span class="apple-tab-span">
</span><a href="http://uk.linkedin.com/in/rdmpage">http://uk.linkedin.com/in/rdmpage</a><br>
Twitter: <span class="apple-tab-span"> </span><a href="http://twitter.com/rdmpage">http://twitter.com/rdmpage</a><br>
Blog: <span class="apple-tab-span"> </span><a href="http://iphylo.blogspot.com">http://iphylo.blogspot.com</a><br>
Home page: <span class="apple-tab-span"> </span><a href="http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/rod.html">http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/rod.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black">Wikipedia: <span class="apple-tab-span">
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic_D._M._Page">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic_D._M._Page</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black">Citations: <span class="apple-tab-span">
</span><a href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?hl=en&user=4Z5WABAAAAAJ">http://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?hl=en&user=4Z5WABAAAAAJ</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black">ORCID:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="apple-tab-span">
</span><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-9767">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7101-9767</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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